Group 4: Beliefs Research
By: Manpreet, Anel, Yohelis, Sarita, and Aliyah
1) Hinduism has many beliefs. Three major beliefs include karma, dharma and artha. Karma ties into reincarnation (the religious concept that, after death, a person’s soul/spirit can begin a new life in a new body). It is the Hindu belief that a person’s actions in life will determine their fate in the next life. For example,if someone is kind and selfless throughout their life, they will be rewarded in their next life. If they are the opposite, they will have to pay the consequences for their sins in their next life. Dharma ties into how you conduct and govern yourself. It is the path of righteousness, the “Moral Law of the World”, which enables people to be contented and happy and to avoid suffering. For example, someone who displays dharma, does what is good for their individual self, what is good for their family and what is good for their society. Artha ties into an individual’s content. It is the activities and resources that enables one to be in a state they want to be. For example, someone’s economic prosperity, wealth or activity to make a living all count as artha.
2) A Hindu person’s beliefs determine their thoughts and attitude about life which also affects their actions. They have many beliefs, some that are sacred and essential to one’s life. They believe that “truth alone wins”, this means that even though untruth may appear to be the winner over the short time, truth will be the ultimate winner. One must follow truth and always be truthful. They also believe in reincarnation, which is the rebirth of a soul in a new birth. But, this is based on karma. This influences Hindu attitudes towards animals and issues on the sanctity of life, such as abortion. Hindus also believe that all life is sacred, to be loved and revered, and therefore should involve no violence. Lastly they also believe that "Truth is one, paths are many." This explains that all religions are facets of God's Pure Light, so they deserve tolerance and understanding. These are just some among many values of the Hinduism belief system.
3) A Hindu place of worship is called a mandir or temple. A temple is dedicated to a particular god or goddess (deity), and is their home on Earth. The most holy part of the temple is an inner shrine called the garbhagriha with a statue (called a murti) of the god or goddess. This inner shrine is under a towering roof called a sikhara. The four corners of the temple then have smaller shrines. Hindu temples are often decorated with the figures of gods and goddesses. The temple is entered through a wide and long, entrance porch. When entering a temple, visitors must take off their shoes and women cover their heads to show respect. A mandar is the place of worship because it is decorated with holy statues of the gods and goddesses, gives honor and respect to the gods, and is considered to be a pure and holy place, where people can go to pray and ask for forgiveness.
4) Some of the holy symbolic places that is associated with the hindu religion are mandirs, which are temples or a place in which the gods are worshiped. Also, there are altars, which are inside one's house. it is also a place for worship in the home. Next, there are ashrams which are a sacred place of worship. These places of worship have murtis. Murtis are statue like figures that look like the gods hindus worship.
5) Hinduism, a monotheistic religion (Hindus worship one god with many forms) believes in the rebirth and reincarnation of souls. One’s soul is immortal and this spiritual body reincarnates again and again until full unity is realized with God. They call life and death a maya, a grand illusion. One’s actions influence how much you suffer in your next life, whether it be karma or dharma. Karma being the bad behavior and dharma being the good. For example if a person lived a good life and performed more good deeds in life than bad, they are born into a more fortunate existence. They believe one can be born as a human, animal, insect, or even a plant. This process is referred to as maha prasthana, which means the great journey. When a person passes away, Hindus perform a pooja (ceremony) 13 days after the soul has departed. This pooja is performed so that the soul can easily reach god's abode.
6) There is a central administration for the belief system, Hinduism. It is organized by the shabda-brahman, who is considered the most reliable form of authority for spiritual and related matters.They are also called pandits, they are the guide for when a religious function takes place.
Group 5: Present Day Research
By: Rachel, Kiran, Abbie, Cynthia, Jasmine
1) Women and men can both hold roles within the belief system. Women can lead prayer or become a priest because there's no scriptures that disallows it. But, men having these roles are more common. A woman's position is questionable. Some say they are inferior to men, while others say they are of a lower caste (level) of the religion compared to men.
2) Hinduism declares that there is only one god. But two important historical figures are:
Shankara (780-812)- great Hindu reformer, who traveled widely defeating Buddhists and others from the nastika movements, (not believing people) re-establishing the authority of Vedic texts (Hindu texts) throughout India.
Ramanuja (1017-1137)- most important acharya (instructor in religious matters) amongst the Shri Vaishnavas (a sect within Hinduism.) Taught devotion to personal God, Vishnu (a central god and one of the three deities of Hinduism), and proposed the universe is the Lord’s body.
3) There are many holidays and festivals that are associated with Hinduism. For example:
Mahashivaratri- a Great festival of Shiva. On the 14th day of the dark, half of the lunar month of Phalguna. Especially important to Saivites but is celebrated mostly by the Hindus.
Holi- an annual festival that is celebrated on the day after the full moon in the Hindu month of Phalguna. Celebrates Spring and commemorates many events in the Hindu mythology.
4) Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion. It is mainly practiced in India, Nepal, and Mauritius, where it's the most common religion. But it is practiced in many other countries as well, including the U.S., the reason being cultural diffusion. It began with spreading to Southeast Asia by Indian Brahmins who may have arrived there through trade, and expanded to the rest of the world with over 800 million practitioners.
5) Hinduism has appropriately one billion adherents (followers). Hinduism is considered the third largest religion in the world and 15% of the entire world population practices this belief system. The religion is spread all over the world. These one billion adherents are very much dedicated and will continue to spread their religion and culture to even more parts of the world.
6) Hinduism is religiously tolerant. Although, hindus may think another religion is wrong, they still do tolerate that religion. Hinduism promotes peace through the readings, and teachings of sacred texts, and through the belief in dharma (religious and moral law.)
Group 6: Sects Research Group
By: Kevin, Alex, Jerry
1) The main divisions of the Hinduism belief system are Shaivites,Vaishnavas,Smartha,Shaktism. Hinduism before did not have different branches. However, after there were a series of changes in the copy's of the holy text. The Hindu people broke into different branches. These branches are based on the divine God. For example the Vaishnavas were based on the almighty god Vishnu. There are different branches of hinduism because according to many religious text, hindu gods are different forms of one supreme god. there was conflict over which god was the true form, and eventually, the groups divided into their own branches, worshipping the gods they believed to be supreme. it is presumed that before the major divide in the beliefs of the religion, Brahmha, the creator of the universe, was hailed as the true being, the one true god.
2)
3) The divisions and branches differ from the original belief because in the original belief they believed in only one form of God Brahma. Brahma was the creator of the universe. However after time passed, the Hindu people started to believe that we should worship the gods based on their roles that are being played in society. Therefore the branches of Hinduism are different because they worship different gods based on their role in society. For example, people worshiped Shiva who is the god of destruction. This portrays the differences between the branches of Hinduism and the original belief.
4) The branches of division and the original belief systems have some factors that are similar factors. in the original belief, the supreme god was Bramha, the creator of the universe. Also In the branches of division there is also a God that is known as the creator or the ruler of something. For example, the Shaivites worshiped the supreme God Shiva who is the God of destruction. This shows how the branches, divisions, and sects of Hinduism is similar to the original belief of Hinduism.
5) Shivratri for shiva It is the day Shiva was married to the goddess Parvati. The Maha Shivaratri festival, also popularly known as 'Shivaratri' or 'Great Night of Shiva', marks the marriage of Shiva and Shakti. it is still celebrated by hindus today on different days in each year, ranging from anytime in february to mid march. the date aligns with the positioon of the moon, thus never staying the same.
6) Holi/Pagwa for Vishnu= Pagwa is celebrated by throwing and applying of colored water and powders on friends and family, which gives the holiday its common name "Festival of Colors." The legend commemorated by the festival of Holi involves an evil king named Hiranyakashipu. He forbade his son Prahlad from worshipping Vishnu, but Prahlada continued to offer prayers to Vishnu. Getting angry with his son, Hiranyakashipu challenged Prahlad to sit on a pyre with his wicked aunt Holika who was believed to be immune to fire. Prahlad accepted the challenge and prayed to Vishnu to keep him safe. When the fire started, Holika was burnt to death, while Prahlada survived without a scar to show for it. The burning of Holika is celebrated as Holi.
7) Hinduism is one of the most divided religions in the world. This is because one could choose what branch they
Would Like to join based on their moral and ethical beliefs. Allowing the religion to be. Diverse. This divide of their religion was risen when there were more gods created to govern different aspects of life. This made more options available for followers, if a person valued knowledge over all other earthly things, they would pray to the God's and\or goddess of knowledge, such as Ganesh or Parvati. So the only way to stop the divide would be if the introduction of new hindu gods were prevented.
Group 6: Violence/Solutions Research Group
By: Ethan, Alan, David
1) One important conflict in the Hinduistic belief system is the Hindu-Muslim conflict in India. India is mostly Hindu and Pakistan is Muslim. They are at war over the region of Kashmir. Another conflict is the “freedom of religion” bill that was built in 1996. It’s goal was to prevent religious conversations between Hinduism and Christianity. The bill was built due to 100,000 Hindus had converted to Christianity.
2) The Hindu-Muslim conflict in India had began because of the region of Kashmir that they are fighting for. The conflict has yet to be resolved. The other conflict of Hindus converting to Christianity had began because more Hindus were persuaded to religious conversions. The conflict had been resolved because of the “freedom of religion” bill in 1996. The purpose of the bill was to prevent Hindus becoming Christians.
3) The Hinduistic belief system perceive violence and oppression as intolerable. If you physically harm, communicate harsh words, or think ill of someone, you are committing act of violence. Violence is sinful in the Hinduistic society, and results in bad karma. Violence is only justified in when the life of a human being or animal is sacrificed to the gods, when one sacrifices their life for the Gods, when one participates in war in self-defense or for a righteous cause, to punish evil-doers, or when a person needs to hunt to survive. Women is one group within the Hinduistic religion that is oppressed. Women are looked down upon since they are one of the low tiers of the caste system. Thus, any man believes they could take advantage of women. The Vedas suggest a woman’s primary duty is to help her husband. This shows that women are oppressed because rather than put themselves first, they have to act in the benefit for their husbands. Women are only the property of men in the Hinduistic society.
4) Hinduism offers enormous resources for conflict resolution through its emphasis on relational orientation and context- sensitivity. In traditional Hinduism society with its caste structure, dharma constitutes the religious and moral doctrine of its rights and duties of each individual. What a person should or should not do depends on the context of the situation, and virtues and transgressions are both equally dependant on the contextual issues. Hinduism’s emphasis on dharma and karma provide potent tools for conflict resolution. For example, Mahatma Gandhi’s use of non-violent resistance was successful in showing the world an alternative to violence and armed conflict.
5) Mahatma Gandhi was a great hero that took great actions to resolve the Hindu-Muslim dispute and the injustice of the Caste System. He perceived the caste system as a structure of segregation, led to other ills within the Hinduistic society. and that its abnormal outgrowth lead to pure inequality and exploitation. He led a campaign against this inhumanity, but on the other hand, it attracted bitter opposition. He also took involvement in the Hindu-Muslim conflict to resolve it. He suffered various, and was eventually murdered. However, these conflicts of the Hindu religion were resolved.
6) There are already proposed ideas are from Mahatma Gandhi to address these issues. He led campaigns and took involvement in the Hindu- Muslim conflict. The two religions could have had some kind of truth except Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated. Another idea was the SAARC charter adopted for the idea of promoting peace. The idea I suggest would be a continuation of the SAARC charter. It would be used to end the major dispute of the two religion by being a genuine commitment to peace. Such treaty would be used to end all indiscriminate and unlawful use of force in the region.
By: Manpreet, Anel, Yohelis, Sarita, and Aliyah
1) Hinduism has many beliefs. Three major beliefs include karma, dharma and artha. Karma ties into reincarnation (the religious concept that, after death, a person’s soul/spirit can begin a new life in a new body). It is the Hindu belief that a person’s actions in life will determine their fate in the next life. For example,if someone is kind and selfless throughout their life, they will be rewarded in their next life. If they are the opposite, they will have to pay the consequences for their sins in their next life. Dharma ties into how you conduct and govern yourself. It is the path of righteousness, the “Moral Law of the World”, which enables people to be contented and happy and to avoid suffering. For example, someone who displays dharma, does what is good for their individual self, what is good for their family and what is good for their society. Artha ties into an individual’s content. It is the activities and resources that enables one to be in a state they want to be. For example, someone’s economic prosperity, wealth or activity to make a living all count as artha.
2) A Hindu person’s beliefs determine their thoughts and attitude about life which also affects their actions. They have many beliefs, some that are sacred and essential to one’s life. They believe that “truth alone wins”, this means that even though untruth may appear to be the winner over the short time, truth will be the ultimate winner. One must follow truth and always be truthful. They also believe in reincarnation, which is the rebirth of a soul in a new birth. But, this is based on karma. This influences Hindu attitudes towards animals and issues on the sanctity of life, such as abortion. Hindus also believe that all life is sacred, to be loved and revered, and therefore should involve no violence. Lastly they also believe that "Truth is one, paths are many." This explains that all religions are facets of God's Pure Light, so they deserve tolerance and understanding. These are just some among many values of the Hinduism belief system.
3) A Hindu place of worship is called a mandir or temple. A temple is dedicated to a particular god or goddess (deity), and is their home on Earth. The most holy part of the temple is an inner shrine called the garbhagriha with a statue (called a murti) of the god or goddess. This inner shrine is under a towering roof called a sikhara. The four corners of the temple then have smaller shrines. Hindu temples are often decorated with the figures of gods and goddesses. The temple is entered through a wide and long, entrance porch. When entering a temple, visitors must take off their shoes and women cover their heads to show respect. A mandar is the place of worship because it is decorated with holy statues of the gods and goddesses, gives honor and respect to the gods, and is considered to be a pure and holy place, where people can go to pray and ask for forgiveness.
4) Some of the holy symbolic places that is associated with the hindu religion are mandirs, which are temples or a place in which the gods are worshiped. Also, there are altars, which are inside one's house. it is also a place for worship in the home. Next, there are ashrams which are a sacred place of worship. These places of worship have murtis. Murtis are statue like figures that look like the gods hindus worship.
5) Hinduism, a monotheistic religion (Hindus worship one god with many forms) believes in the rebirth and reincarnation of souls. One’s soul is immortal and this spiritual body reincarnates again and again until full unity is realized with God. They call life and death a maya, a grand illusion. One’s actions influence how much you suffer in your next life, whether it be karma or dharma. Karma being the bad behavior and dharma being the good. For example if a person lived a good life and performed more good deeds in life than bad, they are born into a more fortunate existence. They believe one can be born as a human, animal, insect, or even a plant. This process is referred to as maha prasthana, which means the great journey. When a person passes away, Hindus perform a pooja (ceremony) 13 days after the soul has departed. This pooja is performed so that the soul can easily reach god's abode.
6) There is a central administration for the belief system, Hinduism. It is organized by the shabda-brahman, who is considered the most reliable form of authority for spiritual and related matters.They are also called pandits, they are the guide for when a religious function takes place.
Group 5: Present Day Research
By: Rachel, Kiran, Abbie, Cynthia, Jasmine
1) Women and men can both hold roles within the belief system. Women can lead prayer or become a priest because there's no scriptures that disallows it. But, men having these roles are more common. A woman's position is questionable. Some say they are inferior to men, while others say they are of a lower caste (level) of the religion compared to men.
2) Hinduism declares that there is only one god. But two important historical figures are:
Shankara (780-812)- great Hindu reformer, who traveled widely defeating Buddhists and others from the nastika movements, (not believing people) re-establishing the authority of Vedic texts (Hindu texts) throughout India.
Ramanuja (1017-1137)- most important acharya (instructor in religious matters) amongst the Shri Vaishnavas (a sect within Hinduism.) Taught devotion to personal God, Vishnu (a central god and one of the three deities of Hinduism), and proposed the universe is the Lord’s body.
3) There are many holidays and festivals that are associated with Hinduism. For example:
Mahashivaratri- a Great festival of Shiva. On the 14th day of the dark, half of the lunar month of Phalguna. Especially important to Saivites but is celebrated mostly by the Hindus.
Holi- an annual festival that is celebrated on the day after the full moon in the Hindu month of Phalguna. Celebrates Spring and commemorates many events in the Hindu mythology.
4) Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion. It is mainly practiced in India, Nepal, and Mauritius, where it's the most common religion. But it is practiced in many other countries as well, including the U.S., the reason being cultural diffusion. It began with spreading to Southeast Asia by Indian Brahmins who may have arrived there through trade, and expanded to the rest of the world with over 800 million practitioners.
5) Hinduism has appropriately one billion adherents (followers). Hinduism is considered the third largest religion in the world and 15% of the entire world population practices this belief system. The religion is spread all over the world. These one billion adherents are very much dedicated and will continue to spread their religion and culture to even more parts of the world.
6) Hinduism is religiously tolerant. Although, hindus may think another religion is wrong, they still do tolerate that religion. Hinduism promotes peace through the readings, and teachings of sacred texts, and through the belief in dharma (religious and moral law.)
Group 6: Sects Research Group
By: Kevin, Alex, Jerry
1) The main divisions of the Hinduism belief system are Shaivites,Vaishnavas,Smartha,Shaktism. Hinduism before did not have different branches. However, after there were a series of changes in the copy's of the holy text. The Hindu people broke into different branches. These branches are based on the divine God. For example the Vaishnavas were based on the almighty god Vishnu. There are different branches of hinduism because according to many religious text, hindu gods are different forms of one supreme god. there was conflict over which god was the true form, and eventually, the groups divided into their own branches, worshipping the gods they believed to be supreme. it is presumed that before the major divide in the beliefs of the religion, Brahmha, the creator of the universe, was hailed as the true being, the one true god.
2)
- Shaivites - They believe in the supreme god Shiva, the god of destruction and one of the triumvirate. Shaivism is one of the most popular branches of hinduism existing today. this is because it is believed that the other member of the triumvirate diverged from Shiva's form, making Shiva the main and ultimate god of the universe. a Shaivite often mark their foreheads with three horizontal marks representing the three aspects of Shiva. Shiva: The god of destruction a member of the Hindu triumvirate, which is consisted of the three gods who are responsible for the upkeep of the universe.
- Vaishnavas - Vishnu or one of his incarnations (usually Krishna or Rama) is worshipped as the supreme God. Vishnu is the god of preservations, believed to have diverged from the god, Shiva. Vishnue is the only god with 10 avatars as his form. they sometimes appear as animals, and even have links to other religions such as christianity, and branches of hinduism. his ten avatars are names.
- Matsya is said to be the first avatar of Vishnu. He is a fish (or sometimes depicted as half man and half fish like a mermaid)
- Kurma is the second avatar of Vishnu. This embodiment was a turtle.
- Varaha is the third avatar. This embodiment was as a gigantic boar
- Narasimha, the fourth avatar, is half man and half lion (note the second part of his name “simha” means “lion.”)
- Vamana, the fifth avatar, is the first fully human one
- Parashurama is the sixth avatar. He is an avatar of Vishnu, a descendant of Brahma, and a student of Shiva
- Rama is the seventh avatar. He is often considered the perfect man
- Krishna is the eighth avatar, appearing in many other holy text of hinduism
- Buddha is thought to be the ninth avatar by some
- Kalki, the last avatar, has not happened yet. It is said that he will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga (the last age, which we are currently in) to herald the end of the world (rather, the world will become unmanifest until it all starts over again). Interestingly, he is a horseman, riding in on a white horse with a blazing sword to destroy the darkness of the last age like the horsemen of apocalypse in christianity.
- Shaktism - this is a broad category of worship. Instead of referring to one being, devotes believe Devi{female goddesses} as the Supreme Brahman{ruler of the universe } itself. divergents of this branch of hinduism are those that worship goddesses as their main god.
3) The divisions and branches differ from the original belief because in the original belief they believed in only one form of God Brahma. Brahma was the creator of the universe. However after time passed, the Hindu people started to believe that we should worship the gods based on their roles that are being played in society. Therefore the branches of Hinduism are different because they worship different gods based on their role in society. For example, people worshiped Shiva who is the god of destruction. This portrays the differences between the branches of Hinduism and the original belief.
4) The branches of division and the original belief systems have some factors that are similar factors. in the original belief, the supreme god was Bramha, the creator of the universe. Also In the branches of division there is also a God that is known as the creator or the ruler of something. For example, the Shaivites worshiped the supreme God Shiva who is the God of destruction. This shows how the branches, divisions, and sects of Hinduism is similar to the original belief of Hinduism.
5) Shivratri for shiva It is the day Shiva was married to the goddess Parvati. The Maha Shivaratri festival, also popularly known as 'Shivaratri' or 'Great Night of Shiva', marks the marriage of Shiva and Shakti. it is still celebrated by hindus today on different days in each year, ranging from anytime in february to mid march. the date aligns with the positioon of the moon, thus never staying the same.
6) Holi/Pagwa for Vishnu= Pagwa is celebrated by throwing and applying of colored water and powders on friends and family, which gives the holiday its common name "Festival of Colors." The legend commemorated by the festival of Holi involves an evil king named Hiranyakashipu. He forbade his son Prahlad from worshipping Vishnu, but Prahlada continued to offer prayers to Vishnu. Getting angry with his son, Hiranyakashipu challenged Prahlad to sit on a pyre with his wicked aunt Holika who was believed to be immune to fire. Prahlad accepted the challenge and prayed to Vishnu to keep him safe. When the fire started, Holika was burnt to death, while Prahlada survived without a scar to show for it. The burning of Holika is celebrated as Holi.
7) Hinduism is one of the most divided religions in the world. This is because one could choose what branch they
Would Like to join based on their moral and ethical beliefs. Allowing the religion to be. Diverse. This divide of their religion was risen when there were more gods created to govern different aspects of life. This made more options available for followers, if a person valued knowledge over all other earthly things, they would pray to the God's and\or goddess of knowledge, such as Ganesh or Parvati. So the only way to stop the divide would be if the introduction of new hindu gods were prevented.
Group 6: Violence/Solutions Research Group
By: Ethan, Alan, David
1) One important conflict in the Hinduistic belief system is the Hindu-Muslim conflict in India. India is mostly Hindu and Pakistan is Muslim. They are at war over the region of Kashmir. Another conflict is the “freedom of religion” bill that was built in 1996. It’s goal was to prevent religious conversations between Hinduism and Christianity. The bill was built due to 100,000 Hindus had converted to Christianity.
2) The Hindu-Muslim conflict in India had began because of the region of Kashmir that they are fighting for. The conflict has yet to be resolved. The other conflict of Hindus converting to Christianity had began because more Hindus were persuaded to religious conversions. The conflict had been resolved because of the “freedom of religion” bill in 1996. The purpose of the bill was to prevent Hindus becoming Christians.
3) The Hinduistic belief system perceive violence and oppression as intolerable. If you physically harm, communicate harsh words, or think ill of someone, you are committing act of violence. Violence is sinful in the Hinduistic society, and results in bad karma. Violence is only justified in when the life of a human being or animal is sacrificed to the gods, when one sacrifices their life for the Gods, when one participates in war in self-defense or for a righteous cause, to punish evil-doers, or when a person needs to hunt to survive. Women is one group within the Hinduistic religion that is oppressed. Women are looked down upon since they are one of the low tiers of the caste system. Thus, any man believes they could take advantage of women. The Vedas suggest a woman’s primary duty is to help her husband. This shows that women are oppressed because rather than put themselves first, they have to act in the benefit for their husbands. Women are only the property of men in the Hinduistic society.
4) Hinduism offers enormous resources for conflict resolution through its emphasis on relational orientation and context- sensitivity. In traditional Hinduism society with its caste structure, dharma constitutes the religious and moral doctrine of its rights and duties of each individual. What a person should or should not do depends on the context of the situation, and virtues and transgressions are both equally dependant on the contextual issues. Hinduism’s emphasis on dharma and karma provide potent tools for conflict resolution. For example, Mahatma Gandhi’s use of non-violent resistance was successful in showing the world an alternative to violence and armed conflict.
5) Mahatma Gandhi was a great hero that took great actions to resolve the Hindu-Muslim dispute and the injustice of the Caste System. He perceived the caste system as a structure of segregation, led to other ills within the Hinduistic society. and that its abnormal outgrowth lead to pure inequality and exploitation. He led a campaign against this inhumanity, but on the other hand, it attracted bitter opposition. He also took involvement in the Hindu-Muslim conflict to resolve it. He suffered various, and was eventually murdered. However, these conflicts of the Hindu religion were resolved.
6) There are already proposed ideas are from Mahatma Gandhi to address these issues. He led campaigns and took involvement in the Hindu- Muslim conflict. The two religions could have had some kind of truth except Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated. Another idea was the SAARC charter adopted for the idea of promoting peace. The idea I suggest would be a continuation of the SAARC charter. It would be used to end the major dispute of the two religion by being a genuine commitment to peace. Such treaty would be used to end all indiscriminate and unlawful use of force in the region.
